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UVC - Technical
Publications Library
Guidelines for Environmental Infection
Control
in Healthcare Facilities -
CDC and HICPAC
(Healthcare Infection Control Practices
Advisory Committee Recommendations).
Guidelines for
Environmental Infection Control in
Healthcare Facilities - CDC & HICPAC.
- Morbidity and Mortality Weekly.
The Application of Ultra Violet
Germicidal Radiation to Control
Transmission of Airborne Disease
Bioterrorism Countermeasure.
UVGI & NIOSH.
NIOSH Study Simulates Hospital Room to
Test UV System for Employee TB
Protection.
Environews - UVGI Environmental Health
perspectives.
Healthcare Facilities -
CDC and Healthcare
Infection Control Practices Advisory
Committee Recommendations HICPAC
Complete.
Analysis of Efficacy of UVGI
Inactivation of Airborne Organisms Using
Eulerian and Lagrangian Approaches.
Guidelines for the Management of a
Suspect Case of Smallpox in Acute Care
Medical Settings in Kansas.
Guidelines for the Management of a
Suspect Case of Smallpox in Acute Care
Medical Settings in NYC - Excerpt.
Guidelines for the Management of a
Suspect Case of Smallpox in Acute Care
Medical Settings in NYC – Complete.
Assessing the Efficacy of UVGI &
Ventilation in Removing Mycobacterium
Tuberculosis.
Environmental & Occupational Health
Response to SARs - Taiwan.
U.S. Army Center for Health Promotion
– Guidelines on
the Design of HVAC Systems in Disease
Isolation Areas.
Tuberculosis Infection Control Program –
Wisconsin.
HHSA - Canada -
Protecting Health Care Workers from
Infectious Diseases.
Environmental
Control Measures Airborne Infection
Isolation in Healthcare Facilities for
Smallpox SARs & other Infections. – NYC.
U.S. Court House
mould complete.
U.S. Court House
mould excerpts.
California Schools and UV.
Levetin
E, Shaughnessy R, Rogers CA, Scheir
R. Effectiveness of germicidal UV
radiation for reducing fungal
contamination within air-handling
units. Appl
Environ Microbiol. 2001;67:3712–5.[PMC
free article] [PubMed]
Menzies
D, Popa J, Hanley JA, Rand T, Milton
DK. Effect of ultraviolet germicidal
lights installed in office
ventilation systems on workers'
health and wellbeing: double-blind
multiple crossover trial.Lancet. 2003;362:1785–91. [PubMed]
Schmarda
LK. Der Einfluss des Lichtes auf die
Infusionsthierchen. Med
Jahrbüucher des k. k.
Österreichischen Staates. 1845;54:257–70.
Downes
A, Blunt TP. The influence of light
upon the development of bacteria. Nature. 1877;16:218.
Downes
A, Blunt TP. Researches on the
effect of light upon bacteria and
other organisms. Proc
R Soc Lond. 1877;26:488–500.
Downes
A, Blunt TP. On the influence of
light upon protoplasm. Proc
R Soc Lond. 1878;28:199–212.
Hockberger
PE. A history of ultraviolet
photobiology for humans, animals and
microorganisms.Photochem
Photobiol. 2002;76:561–79. [PubMed]
Tyndall
J. Note on the influence exercised
by light on organic infusions. Proc
R Soc Lond.1878;28:212–3.
Tyndall
J. On the arrestation of infusorial
life. Science. 1881;2:478.
Duclaux
E. Influence de la luminére du
soleil sur la vitalité des germes
des microbes. Compt
Rendus Hebd des Seances de
l'Academie des Sciences. 1885;100:119–21.
Duclaux
E. Sur la durée de la vie chez les
germes des microbes. Annales
de Chimie et de Physique. 1885;6:5–59.
Duclaux
E. Influence de la luminére du
soliel sur la vitalité de
micrococcus. Compt
Rendus Hebd des Seances et Mémoires
Soc et Biologies. 1885;37:508–10.
Koch
R. Ueber
bakteriologische Forschung. Berlin:
Hirschwald; 1890.
Geisler
T. Zur Frage über die Wirkung des
Licht auf Bakterien. Centralblatt
für Bakteriologie und Parasitenkunde. 1892;11:161–73.
Buchner
H. Ueber den Einfluss des Lichtes
auf Bakterien. Centralblatt
für Bakteriologie und Parasitenkunde. 1892;11:781–3.
Ward
HM. Experiments on the action of
light on Bacillus
anthracis. Proc
R Soc Lond.1892;52:393–400.
Ward
HM. Further experiments on the
action of light on Bacillus
anthracis. Proc
R Soc Lond.1893;53:23–44.
Ward
HM. The action of light on bacteria. III.
Philos Trans R Soc Lond B. 1894;185:961–86.
Bang
S. Die Wirkungen des Lichtes auf
Mikrooganismen. Mitt
Finsens Med Lysinst. 1901;2:1–107.
Bang
S. Über die Wirkungen des Lichtes
auf Mikroben. II.
Eine verbesserte Untersuchungs
methode. Mitt Finsens Med Lysinst. 1903;3:97–112.
Barnard
JE, Morgan H. Upon the bactericidal
action of some ultra-violet
radiations as produced by the
continuous-current arc. Proc
R Soc Lond. 1903;72:126–8.
Hertel
E. Ueber Beeinflussung des
Organismus durch Licht, speziell
durch die chemisch wirksamen
Strahlen. Zeitschrift
für Allgemeine Physiologie. 1904;4:1–43.
Hertel
E. Ueber physiologische Wirkung von
Strahlen verschiedener Wellenlänge. Zeitschrift
für Allgemeine Physiologie. 1905;5:95–122.
Henri
MmeV, Henri V. Variation du pouvoir
abiotique des rayons ultraviolets
avec leur longueur d'onde. C
R Seances Soc Biol Fil. 1914;73:321–2.
Gates
FL. A study of the bactericidal
action of ultra violet light: I. The
reaction to monochromatic
radiations. J
Gen Physiol. 1929;13:231–48. [PMC
free article] [PubMed]
Gates
FL. A study of the bactericidal
action of ultra violet light: II.
The effect of various environmental
factors and conditions. J
Gen Physiol. 1929;13:249–60. [PMC
free article] [PubMed]
Gates
FL. A study of the bactericidal
action of ultra violet light: III.
The absorption of ultra violet light
by bacteria. J
Gen Physiol. 1930;14:31–42. [PMC
free article] [PubMed]
Harris
FI, Hoyt HS. The possible origin of
the toxicity of ultra-violet light. Science. 1917;46:318–20.[PubMed]
Coohill
TP. Historical aspects of
ultraviolet action spectroscopy. Photochem
Photobiol.1997;65(Suppl
1):S123–8.
Ehrismann
O, Noethling W. Uber die bactericide
wirkung monochromatischen lichtes. Z
Hyg Infektionskr. 1932;113:597–628.
Commission
Internationale de l'Eclairage. Compte
rendu. Berlin:
Proceedings of the CIE Session;
1935.
Hollaender
A, Claus WD. The bactericidal effect
of ultraviolet radiation on Escherrischia
coli in
liquid suspensions. J
Gen Physiol. 1936;19:753–65. [PMC
free article] [PubMed]
Hollaender
A, Emmons CW. The action of
ultraviolet radiation on
dermatophytes: I. The fungicidal
effect of monochromatic radiation on
the spores of Trichophyton
mentagrophytes. J
Cell Comp Physiol. 1939;13:391–402.
Emmons
CW, Hollaender A. The action of
ultraviolet radiation on
dermatophytes: II. Mutations induced
in cultures of dermatophytes by
exposure of spores to monochromatic
radiation. Am
J Bot.1939;26:467–75.
Hollaender
A, Oliphant JW. The inactivating
effect of monochromatic ultraviolet
radiation on influenza virus. J
Bacteriol. 1944;48:447–54. [PMC
free article] [PubMed]
Beukers
R, Berends W. Isolation and
identification of the irradiation
product of thymine. Biochim
Biophys Acta. 1960;41:550–1. [PubMed]
Setlow
RB. Cyclobutane-type pyrimidine
dimers in polynucleotides. Science. 1966;153:379–86.[PubMed]
Hockberger
PE. The discovery of the damaging
effect of sunlight on bacteria. J
Photochem Photobiol B. 2000;58:185–91. [PubMed]
Bruls
WA, Slaper H, Van der Leun JC,
Berrens L. Transmission of human
epidermis and stratum corneum as a
function of thickness in ultraviolet
and visible wavelengths. Photochem
Photobiol.1984;40:485–94. [PubMed]
Wells
WF. On air-borne infection: study
II. Droplets and droplet nuclei. Am
J Hyg. 1934;20:611–8.
Flüugge
C. Ueber Luftinfektion. Z
Hyg Infectionskr. 1897;25:179–224.
Wells
WF, Fair MG. Viability of B.
coli exposed
to ultra-violet radiation in air. Science.1935;82:280–1. [PubMed]
Sharp
DG. A quantitative method of
determining the lethal effect of
ultraviolet light on bacteria
suspended in air. J
Bacteriol. 1938;35:589–99. [PMC
free article] [PubMed]
Sharp
DG. The effects of ultraviolet light
on bacteria suspended in air. J
Bacteriol. 1940;39:535–47. [PMC
free article] [PubMed]
Hart
D. Sterilization of the air in the
operating room by special
bactericidal radiant energy: results
of its use in extrapleural
thoracoplasties. J
Thorac Surg. 1936;6:45–81.
Hart
D. Bactericidal ultraviolet
radiation in the operating room:
twenty-nine-year study for control
of infections. JAMA. 1960;172:1019–28.
Overholt
RH, Betts RH. A comparative report
on infection of thoracoplasty
wounds: experiences with ultraviolet
irradiation of operating room air. J
Thorac Surg. 1940;9:520–9.
Kraissl
CJ, Cimiotti JG, Meleney FL.
Considerations in the use of
ultraviolet radiation in operating
rooms. Ann
Surg. 1940;111:161–85. [PMC
free article] [PubMed]
Woodhall
B, Neill RG, Dratz HM. Ultraviolet
radiation as an adjunct in the
control of postoperative
neurosurgical infection. II clinical
experience 1938–1948. Ann
Surg. 1949;129:820–4.
Goldner
JL, Moggio M, Beissinger SF,
McCollum DE. Ultraviolet light for
the control of airborne bacteria in
the operating room. Ann
N Y Acad Sci. 1980;353:271–84. [PubMed]
Lowell
JD, Kundsin RB, Schwartz CM, Pozin
D. Ultraviolet radiation and
reduction of deep wound infection
following hip and knee arthroplasty. Ann
N Y Acad Sci. 1980;353:285–93. [PubMed]
Del
Mundo FD, McKhann CF. Effect of
ultraviolet irradiation of air on
incidence of infections in an
infants' hospital. Am
J Dis Child. 1941;61:213–25.
Robertson
EC, Doyle ME, Tisdall FF, Koller LR,
Ward FS. Air contamination and air
sterilization.Am
J Dis Child. 1939;58:1023–38.
Sommer
HE, Stokes J., Jr. Studies on
air-borne infection in a hospital
ward: I. The effect of ultra-violet
light on cross-infection in an
infants' ward. J
Pediatr. 1942;21:569–76.
Henle
W, Sommer HE, Stokes J., Jr. Studies
on air-borne infection in a hospital
ward: II. Effects of ultraviolet
irradiation and propylene glycol
vaporization upon the prevention of
experimental air-borne infection of
mice by droplet nuclei. J
Pediatr. 1942;21:577–90.
Sauer
LW, Minsk LD, Rosenstern I. Control
of cross infections of the
respiratory tract in a nursery for
young infants: a preliminary report. JAMA. 1942;118:1271–4.
Robertson
EC, Doyle ME, Tisdall FF. Use of
ultraviolet radiation in reduction
of respiratory cross infections in a
children's hospital: final report. JAMA. 1943;121:908–14.
Rosenstern
I. Control of air-borne infections
in a nursery for young infants. Am
J Dis Child.1948;75:193–202. [PubMed]
Barenberg
LH, Greene D, Greenspan L, Greenberg
B. Effect of irradiation of air in a
ward on the incidence of infections
of the respiratory tract: with a
note on varicella. In: Moulton FR,
editor.Aerobiology. Washington:
Publication of the American
Association for the Advancement of
Science No. 17; 1942. pp. p. 233–6.
American Association for the
Advancement of Science.
Higgons
RA, Hyde GM. Effect of ultraviolet
air sterilization upon incidence of
respiratory infections in a
children's institution: a six-year
study. N
Y State J Med. 1947;47:707–10. [PubMed]
Wells
WF, Wells MW, Wilder TS. The
environmental control of epidemic
contagion I: an epidemiologic study
of radiant disinfection of air in
day schools. Am
J Hyg. 1942;35:97–121.
Wells
WF. Airborne
contagion and air hygiene: an
ecological study of droplet
infections.Cambridge (MA):
Harvard University Press; 1955.
Council
on Physical Therapy. Acceptance of
ultraviolet lamps for disinfecting
purposes. JAMA.1943;122:503–5.
Lurie
MB. Experimental epidemiology of
tuberculosis: the prevention of
natural air-borne contagion of
tuberculosis in rabbits by
ultraviolet irradiation. J
Exp Med. 1944;79:559–72.[PMC
free article] [PubMed]
Wheeler
SM, Ingraham HS, Hollaender A, Lill
ND, Gershon-Cohen J, Brown EW.
Ultra-violet light control of
air-borne infections in a naval
training center: preliminary report. Am
J Public Health Nations Health. 1945;35:457–68. [PMC
free article] [PubMed]
Miller
WR, Jarrett ET, Willmon TL,
Hollaender A, Brown EW, Lewandowski
T, et al. Evaluation of ultraviolet
radiation and dust control measures
in control of respiratory disease at
a naval training center. J
Infect Dis. 1948;82:86–100. [PubMed]
Willmon
TL, Hollaender A, Langmuir AD.
Studies of the control of acute
respiratory diseases among naval
recruits: I. A review of a four-year
experience with ultraviolet
irradiation and dust suppressive
measures, 1943–1947. Am
J Hyg. 1948;48:227–32. [PubMed]
Jarrett
ET, Zelle MR, Hollaender A. Studies
of the control of acute reparatory
disease among naval recruits: II.
Limitations of ultraviolet
irradiation in reducing air-borne
bacteria in barracks with low
ceilings. Am
J Hyg. 1948;48:233–9. [PubMed]
Langmuir
AD, Jarrett ET, Hollaender A.
Studies of the control of acute
respiratory diseases among naval
recruits: III. The epidemiological
pattern and the effect of
ultraviolet irradiation during the
winter of 1946–1947. Am
J Hyg. 1948;48:240–51. [PubMed]
Whisler
BA. The efficacy of ultra-violet
light sources in killing bacteria
suspended in air. Iowa
State Coll J Sci. 1940;14:215–31.
Wells
WF, Wells MW. Air-borne infection:
sanitary control. JAMA. 1936;107:1805–9.
Wells
WF. Bactericidal irradiation of air:
part I. Physical factors. J
Franklin Inst. 1940;229:347–72.
Wells
WF. Ray length in sanitary
ventilation by bactericidal
irradiation of air. J
Franklin Inst.1944;238:185–93.
Wells
WF. Circulation in sanitary
ventilation by bactericidal
irradiation of air. J
Franklin Inst.1945;240:379–95. [PubMed]
Luckiesh
M. Applications
of germicidal, erythemal, and
infrared energy. New
York: D. Van Nostrand Company; 1946.
Harstad
JB, Decker HM, Wedum AG. Use of
ultraviolet irradiation in a room
air conditioner for removal of
bacteria. Appl
Microbiol. 1954;2:148–51. [PMC
free article] [PubMed]
Miller
OT, Schmitt RF, Phillips GB.
Applications of germicidal
ultraviolet in infectious disease
laboratories: I. Sterilization of
small volumes of air by ultraviolet
irradiation. Am
J Public Health Nations Health. 1955;45:1420–3. [PMC
free article] [PubMed]
Nardell
EA. Transmission and safety issues.
In: Friedman LN, editor. Tuberculosis:
current concepts and treatment. Boca
Raton (FL): CRC Press; 1994. pp. p.
53–70.
Riley
RL, O'Grady F. Airborne
infection: transmission and control. New
York: The Macmillan Company; 1961.
Riley
RL, Wells WF, Mills CC, Nyka W,
McLean RL. Air hygiene in
tuberculosis: quantitative studies
of infectivity and control in a
pilot ward. Am
Rev Tuberc. 1957;75:420–31. [PubMed]
Riley
RL, Mills CC, Nyka W, Weinstock N,
Storey PB, Sultan LU, et al. Aerial
dissemination of pulmonary
tuberculosis: a two-year study of
contagion in a tuberculosis ward. Am
J Hyg.1959;70:185–96.
Riley
RL, Mills CC, O'Grady F, Sultan LU,
Wittstadt F, Shivpuri DN.
Infectiousness of air from a
tuberculosis ward. Ultraviolet
irradiation of infected air:
comparative infectiousness of
different patients. Am
Rev Respir Dis. 1962;85:511–25. [PubMed]
McLean
RL. The mechanism of spread of Asian
influenza: general discussion. Am
Rev Respir Dis. 1961;83:36–8. (2
Pt 2)
Riley
RL, Permutt S. Room air disinfection
by ultraviolet irradiation of upper
air: air mixing and germicidal
effectiveness. Arch
Environ Health. 1971;22:208–19. [PubMed]
Riley
RL, Permutt S, Kaufman JE.
Convection, air mixing, and
ultraviolet air disinfection in
rooms.Arch
Environ Health. 1971;22:200–7. [PubMed]
Riley
RL, Permutt S, Kaufman JE. Room air
disinfection by ultraviolet
irradiation of upper air: further
analysis of convective air exchange. Arch
Environ Health. 1971;23:35–9. [PubMed]
Riley
RL, Kaufman JE. Air disinfection in
corridors by upper air irradiation
with ultraviolet. Arch
Environ Health. 1971;22:551–3. [PubMed]
Riley
RL, Kaufman JE. Effect of relative
humidity on the inactivation of
airborne Serratia
marcescens by
ultraviolet radiation. Appl
Microbiol. 1972;23:1113–20. [PMC
free article] [PubMed]
Kethley
TW, Branch K. Ultraviolet lamps for
room air disinfection: effect of
sampling location and particle size
of bacterial aerosol. Arch
Environ Health. 1972;25:205–14. [PubMed]
Riley
RL, Knight M, Middlebrook G.
Ultraviolet susceptibility of BCG
and virulent tubercle bacilli.Am
Rev Respir Dis. 1976;113:413–8. [PubMed]
Riley
RL, Nardell EA. Clearing the air:
the theory and application of
ultraviolet air disinfection. Am
Rev Repir Dis. 1989;139:1286–94.
Wells
MW. Ventilation in the spread of
chickenpox and measles within school
rooms. JAMA.1945;129:197–200.
Perkins
JE, Bahlke AM, Silverman HF. Effect
of ultra-violet irradiation of
classrooms on spread of measles in
large rural central schools:
preliminary report. Am
J Public Health Nations Health.1947;37:529–37. [PMC
free article] [PubMed]
Wells
MW, Holla WA. Ventilation in the
flow of measles and chickenpox
through a community: progress
report, Jan. 1, 1946 to June 15,
1949, Airborne Infection Study,
Westchester County Department of
Health. JAMA. 1950;142:1337–44.
Air
disinfection with ultra-violet
irradiation: its effect on illness
among school-children. Spec
Rep Ser Med Res Counc (G B) 1954;283:1–88.
Brooks
GL, Wilson U, Blackfan KD. Studies
of cross-infection in the infants'
hospital in Boston. In: Moulton FR,
editor. Aerobiology. Washington:
AAAS; 1942. pp. p. 228–32.
Publication of the American
Association for the Advancement of
Science, No. 17.
Schneiter
R, Hollaender A, Caminita BH, Kolb
RW, Fraser HF, duBuy HG, et al.
Effectiveness of ultraviolet
irradiation of upper air for the
control of bacterial air
contamination in sleeping quarters.
Preliminary report. Am
J Hyg. 1944;40:136–53.
duBuy
HG, Dunn JE, Brackett FS, Dreessen
WC, Neal PA, Posner I. An evaluation
of ultraviolet radiation of sleeping
quarters as supplement of accepted
methods of disease control. Am
J Hyg.1948;48:207–26. [PubMed]
Bahlke
AM, Silverman HF, Ingraham HS.
Effect of ultra-violet irradiation
of classrooms on spread of mumps and
chickenpox in large rural central
schools: progress report. Am
J Public Health Nations Health. 1949;39:1321–30. [PMC
free article] [PubMed]
Kingston
D, Lidwell OM, Williams RE. The
epidemiology of the common cold:
III. The effect of ventilation, air
disinfection and room size. J
Hyg (Lond) 1962;60:341–52. [PMC
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McAdam
JM, Brickner PW, Scharer LL, Crocco
JA, Duff AE. The spectrum of
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JD, McAdam KP. The re-emergence of
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Vincent
RL. Airborne disease control:
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R, Sliney D, editors. Measurements
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Nardell
EA. Ultraviolet air disinfection to
control tuberculosis in a shelter
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MD. A leap of faith: what can we do
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EA. Environmental control of
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RL, Nardell EA. Plant,
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tuberculosis in health care
facilities: ventilation, filtration,
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Nardell
EA. Interrupting transmission from
patients with unsuspected
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upper-room ultraviolet air
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WW, Yeung C, Hartnett C. Probable
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Ko
G, First MW, Burge HA. Influence of
relative humidity on particle size
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Miller
SL, Macher JM. Evaluation of a
methodology for quantifying the
effect of room air ultraviolet
germicidal irradiation on airborne
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Sci Technol. 2000;33:274–95.
Peccia
J, Werth HM, Miller S, Hernandez M.
Effects of relative humidity on the
ultraviolet induced inactivation of
airborne bacteria. Aerosol
Sci Technol. 2001;35:728–40.
Peccia
J, Hernandez M. Photoreactivation in
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Ko
G, First MW, Burge HA. The
characterization of upper-room
ultraviolet germicidal irradiation
in inactivating airborne
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Miller
SL, Hernandez M, Fennelly K, Martyny
J, Macher J, Kujundzic E, et al. Efficacy
of ultraviolet irradiation in
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Prevention, National Institute for
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2002. NIOSH Contract No.:
200-97-2602.
Xu
P, Peccia J, Fabian P, Martyny JW,
Fennelly KP, Hernandez M, et al.
Efficacy of ultraviolet germicidal
irradiation of upper-room air in
inactivating airborne bacterial
spores and mycobacteria in
full-scale studies. Atmos
Environ. 2003;37:405–19.
Lai
KM, Burge HA, First MW. Size and UV
germicidal irradiation
susceptibility of Serratia
marcescens when aerosolized from
different suspending media. Appl
Environ Microbiol.2004;70:2021–7. [PMC
free article] [PubMed]
Xu
P, Kujundzic E, Peccia J, Schafer
MP, Moss G, Hernandez M, et al.
Impact of environmental factors on
efficacy of upper-room air
ultraviolet germicidal irradiation
for inactivating airborne
mycobacteria. Environ
Sci Technol. 2005;39:9656–64. [PubMed]
Kujundzic
E, Hernandez M, Miller SL.
Ultraviolet germicidal irradiation
inactivation of airborne fungal
spores and bacteria in upper-room
air and HVAC in-duct configurations. J
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First
M, Rudnick SN, Banahan KF, Vincent
RL, Brickner PW. Fundamental factors
affecting upper-room ultraviolet
germicidal irradiation—part I. Experimental.
J Occup Environ Hyg.2007;4:321–31.
McDevitt
JJ, Milton DK, Rudnick SN, First MW.
Inactivation of poxviruses by
upper-room UVC light in a simulated
hospital room environment. PLoS
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Dumyahn
T, First M. Characterization of
ultraviolet upper room air
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Ind Hyg Assoc J. 1999;60:219–27.
Kowalski
WJ, Bahnfleth WP, Witham DL, Severin
BF, Whittam TS. Mathematical
modeling of ultraviolet germicidal
irradiation for air disinfection. Quant
Microbiol. 2000;2:249–70.
Rudnick
SN. Predicting the ultraviolet
radiation distribution in a room
with multilouvered germicidal
fixtures. AIHAJ. 2001;62:434–45. [PubMed]
Gammaitoni
L, Nucci MC. Using a mathematical
model to evaluate the efficacy of TB
control measures. Emerg
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Nicas
M, Miller SL. A multi-zone model
evaluation of the efficacy of
upper-room air ultraviolet
germicidal irradiation. Appl
Occup Environ Hyg. 1999;14:317–28. [PubMed]
Kowalski
WJ, Bahnfleth WP. Effective UVGI
system design through improved
modeling.ASHRAE
Trans. 2000;106(Pt
2):1–10.
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